Republic of Benin | |
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Anthem:
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.svg) Location of Benin (dark green) | |
| Capital | Porto-Novoa |
| Largest city | Cotonou |
| Official languages | French |
| National languages | List: |
| Ethnic groups (2013 census[1]) |
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| Religion |
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| Demonym(s) |
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| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
| Patrice Talon | |
| Mariam Chabi Talata | |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Independence | |
• Republic of Dahomey established | 11 December 1958 |
• from France | 1 August 1960 |
• from United Kingdom | 1 October 1960 |
• from Portugal | 31 July 1961 |
| Area | |
• Total | 114,763 km2 (44,310 sq mi)[4] (100th) |
• Water (%) | 0.4% |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 13,754,688[5] (74th) |
• Density | 94.8/km2 (245.5/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $29.918 billion[6] (137th) |
• Per capita | $2,552[6] (163rd) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $11.386 billion[6] (141st) |
• Per capita | $971[6] (163rd) |
| Gini (2015) |  47.8[7]high |
| HDI (2019) |  0.545[8]low · 158th |
| Currency | West African CFA franc (XOF) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +229 |
| ISO 3166 code | BJ |
| Internet TLD | .bj |
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Benin (/bɛˈniːn/ (
listen) ben-EEN, /bɪˈniːn/ bin-EEN;[9] French: Bénin [benɛ̃]), officially the Republic of Benin (French: République du Bénin), and formerly Dahomey,[10] is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean.[11] The capital is Porto-Novo, and the seat of government is in Cotonou, the most populous city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometres (44,310 sq mi)[4] and its population in 2021 was estimated to be approximately 13 million.[12][13] It is a tropical nation, dependent on agriculture, and is an exporter of palm oil and cotton. Some employment and income arise from subsistence farming.[14][better source needed]
The official language of Benin is French, with indigenous languages such as Fon, Bariba, Yoruba and Dendi also spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is Sunni Islam (27.7%), followed by Roman Catholicism (25.5%), Vodun (11.6%), and Protestantism.[2] Benin is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie, the Community of Sahel–Saharan States, the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority.
From the 17th to the 19th century, political entities in the area included the Kingdom of Dahomey, the city-state of Porto-Novo, and other states to the north. This region was referred to as the Slave Coast from the early 17th century due to the high number of people who were sold and trafficked during the Atlantic slave trade to the New World. France took over the territory in 1894, incorporating it into French West Africa as French Dahomey. In 1960, Dahomey gained full independence from France. As a sovereign state, Benin has had democratic governments, military coups, and military governments. A self-described Marxist–Leninist state called the People's Republic of Benin existed between 1975 and 1990. In 1991, it was replaced by the multi-party Republic of Benin.[15]
History[edit source]
Pre-colonial[edit source]
Prior to 1600, present-day Benin comprised a variety of areas with different political systems and ethnicities. These included city-states along the coast (primarily of the Aja ethnic group, and also including Yoruba and Gbe peoples) and tribal regions inland (composed of Bariba, Mahi, Gedevi, and Kabye peoples). The Oyo Empire, located primarily to the east of Benin, was a military force in the region, conducting raids and exacting tribute from the coastal kingdoms and tribal regions.[16] The situation changed in the 17th and 18th centuries as the Kingdom of Dahomey, consisting mostly of Fon people, was founded on the Abomey plateau and began taking over areas along the coast.[17] By 1727, King Agaja of the Kingdom of Dahomey had conquered the coastal cities of Allada and Whydah. Dahomey had become a tributary of the Oyo Empire, and rivaled but did not directly attack the Oyo-allied city-state of Porto-Novo.[18] The rise of Dahomey, its rivalry with Porto-Novo, and tribal politics in the northern region persisted into the colonial and post-colonial periods.[19]
In the Dahomey, some younger people were apprenticed to older soldiers and taught the kingdom's military customs until they were old enough to join the army.[20] Dahomey instituted an elite female soldier corps variously called Ahosi (the king's wives), Mino ("our mothers" in Fongbe), or the "Dahomean Amazons". This emphasis on military preparation and achievement earned Dahomey the nickname of "Black Sparta" from European observers and 19th-century explorers such as Sir Richard Burton.[21]
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The kings of Dahomey sold their war captives into transatlantic slavery[22] or killed them ritually in a ceremony known as the Annual Customs. By about 1750, the King of Dahomey was earning an estimated £250,000 per year by selling African captives to European slave-traders.[23] The area was named the "Slave Coast" because of a flourishing slave trade. Court protocols which demanded that a portion of war captives from the kingdom's battles be decapitated, decreased the number of enslaved people exported from the area. The number went from 102,000 people per decade in the 1780s to 24,000 per decade by the 1860s.[24] The decline was partly due to the Slave Trade Act 1807 banning the trans-Atlantic slave trade by Britain in 1808, followed by other countries.[23] This decline continued until 1885 when the last slave ship departed the modern Benin Republic for Brazil, which had yet to abolish slavery. The capital Porto-Novo ("New Port" in Portuguese) was originally developed as a port for the slave trade.
Among the goods the Portuguese sought were carved items of ivory made by Benin's artisans in the form of carved saltcellars, spoons, and hunting horns - pieces of African art produced for sale abroad as exotic objects.[25]
Colonial[edit source]
By the middle of the 19th century, Dahomey had "begun to weaken and lose its status as the regional power". The French took over the area in 1892. In 1899, the French included the land called French Dahomey within the larger French West Africa colonial region.
France sought to benefit from Dahomey and the region "appeared to lack the necessary agricultural or mineral resources for large-scale capitalist development". As a result, France treated Dahomey as a sort of preserve in case future discoveries revealed resources worth developing.[26]
The French government outlawed the capture and sale of slaves. Previous slaveowners sought to redefine their control over slaves as control over land, tenants, and lineage members. This provoked a struggle among Dahomeans, "concentrated in the period from 1895 to 1920, for the redistribution of control over land and labor. Villages sought to redefine boundaries of lands and fishing preserves. Religious disputes scarcely veiled the factional struggles over control of land and commerce which underlay them. Factions struggled for the leadership of great families".[24]
In 1958, France granted autonomy to the Republic of Dahomey, and full independence on 1 August 1960 which is celebrated each year as Independence Day, a national holiday.[27] The president who led the country to independence was Hubert Maga.[28][29]
Post-colonial[edit source]
After 1960, there were coups and regime changes, with the figures of Hubert Maga, Sourou Apithy, Justin Ahomadégbé, and Émile Derlin Zinsou dominating; the first 3 each represented a different area and ethnicity of the country. These 3 agreed to form a Presidential Council after violence marred the 1970 elections.
On 7 May 1972, Maga ceded power to Ahomadégbé. On 26 October 1972, Lt. Col. Mathieu Kérékou overthrew the ruling triumvirate, becoming president and stating that the country would not "burden itself by copying foreign ideology, and wants neither Capitalism, Communism, nor Socialism". On 30 November 1974, he announced that the country was officially Marxist, under control of the Military Council of the Revolution (CMR), which nationalized the petroleum industry and banks. On 30 November 1975, he renamed the country to the People's Republic of Benin.[30][31] The regime of the People's Republic of Benin underwent changes over the course of its existence: a nationalist period (1972-1974); a socialist phase (1974-1982); and a phase involving an opening to Western countries and economic liberalism (1982-1990).[32]
In 1974, under the influence of young revolutionaries - the "Ligueurs" - the government embarked on a socialist program: nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy, reform of the education system, establishment of agricultural cooperatives and new local government structures, and a campaign to eradicate "feudal forces" including tribalism. The regime banned opposition activities. Mathieu Kérékou was elected president by the National Revolutionary Assembly in 1980, re-elected in 1984. Establishing relations with China, North Korea, and Libya, he put "nearly all" businesses and economic activities under state control, causing foreign investment in Benin to dry up.[33] Kérékou attempted to reorganize education, pushing his own aphorisms such as "Poverty is not a fatality".[33] The regime financed itself by contracting to take nuclear waste, first from the Soviet Union and later from France.[33]
In the 1980s, Benin experienced higher economic growth rates (15.6% in 1982, 4.6% in 1983 and 8.2% in 1984), and the closure of the Nigerian border with Benin led to a drop in customs and tax revenues. The government was no longer able to pay civil servants' salaries.[32] In 1989, riots broke out when the regime did not have enough money to pay its army. The banking system collapsed. Eventually, Kérékou renounced Marxism, and a convention forced Kérékou to release political prisoners and arrange elections.[33] Marxism–Leninism was abolished as the nation's form of government.[34]
The country's name was officially changed to the Republic of Benin on 1 March 1990, after the newly formed government's constitution was completed.[35]
Kérékou lost to Nicéphore Soglo in a 1991 election and became the first President on the African mainland to lose power through an election.[36] Kérékou returned to power after winning the 1996 vote. In 2001, an election resulted in Kérékou winning another term, after which his opponents claimed election irregularities.[37] In 1999, Kérékou issued a national apology for the substantial role that Africans had played in the Atlantic slave trade.[38]
Kérékou and former president Soglo did not run in the 2006 elections, as both were barred by the constitution's restrictions on age and total terms of candidates.[39] On 5 March 2006, an election resulted in a runoff between Yayi Boni and Adrien Houngbédji. The runoff election was held on 19 March and was won by Boni,[40] who assumed office on 6 April.[41] Boni was reelected in 2011, taking 53.18% of the vote in the first round—enough to avoid a runoff election. He was the first president to win an election without a runoff since the restoration of democracy in 1991.[42]
In the March 2016 presidential elections in which Boni Yayi was barred by the constitution from running for a third term, businessman Patrice Talon won the second round with 65.37% of the vote, defeating investment banker and former Prime Minister Lionel Zinsou. Talon was sworn in on 6 April 2016.[43] Speaking on the same day that the Constitutional Court confirmed the results, Talon said that he would "first and foremost tackle constitutional reform", discussing his plan to limit presidents to a single term of 5 years in order to combat "complacency". He said that he planned to slash the size of the government from 28 to 16 members.[44] In April 2021, President Patrice Talon was re-elected, with more than 86.3% of the votes cast, in Benin's presidential election.[45] The change in election laws resulted in total control of parliament by president Talon's supporters.[46]
Politics[edit source]
Its politics take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic in which the President of Benin is both head of state and head of government, within a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the government and the legislature. The judiciary is officially independent of the executive and the legislature, while in practice its independence has been gradually hollowed out by Talon, and the Constitutional Court is headed by his former personal lawyer.[47] The political system is derived from the 1990 Constitution of Benin and the subsequent transition to democracy in 1991.
It was ranked 18th out of 52 African countries and scored best in the categories of Safety & Rule of Law and Participation & Human Rights.[48] In its 2007 Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Benin 53rd out of 169 countries. That place had fallen to 78th by 2016, when Talon took office, and has fallen further to 113th.[47] Benin has been rated equal-88th out of 159 countries in a 2005 analysis of police, business, and political corruption.[49]
Its democratic system "has eroded" since President Talon took office.[47] In 2018 his government introduced new rules for fielding candidates and raised the cost of registering. The electoral commission, packed with Talon's allies, barred all opposition parties from the parliamentary election in 2019, resulting in a parliament made up entirely of supporters of Talon. That parliament subsequently changed election laws such that presidential candidates need to have the approval of at least 10% of Benin's MPs and mayors. As parliament and most mayors' offices are controlled by Talon, he has control over who can run for president. These changes have drawn condemnation from international observers and led to the United States government partially terminating development assistance to the country.[50][51][52][53]
Administrative divisions[edit source]
Benin is divided into 12 departments (French: départements) which are subdivided into 77 communes. In 1999, the previous 6 departments were each split into 2 halves, forming the later 12.[54]
| Map key | Department | Capital[55] | Population (2013) | Area (km2)[57] | Former Department |
Region | Sub-Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Alibori | Kandi | 868,046 | 26,242 | Borgou | North | North East |
| 1 | Atakora | Natitingou | 769,337 | 20,499 | Atakora | North | North West |
| 10 | Atlantique | Allada | 1,396,548 | 3,233 | Atlantique | South | South Centre |
| 4 | Borgou | Parakou | 1,202,095 | 25,856 | Borgou | North | North East |
| 5 | Collines | Dassa-Zoumé | 716,558 | 13,931 | Zou | North | North Centre |
| 6 | Kouffo | Aplahoué | 741,895 | 2,404 | Mono | South | South West |
| 3 | Donga | Djougou | 542,605 | 11,126 | Atakora | North | North West |
| 11 | Littoral | Cotonou | 678,874 | 79 | Atlantique | South | South Centre |
| 9 | Mono | Lokossa | 495,307 | 1,605 | Mono | South | South West |
| 12 | Ouémé | Porto-Novo | 1,096,850 | 1,281 | Ouémé | South | South East |
| 8 | Plateau | Pobè | 624,146 | 3,264 | Ouémé | South | South East |
| 7 | Zou | Abomey | 851,623 | 5,243 | Zou | North | North Centre |
Demographics[edit source]
Ethnic Groups of Benin (2013 Census)
The majority of Benin's 11,485,000 inhabitants live in the south of the country. The life expectancy is 62 years.[58] About 42 African ethnic groups live in this country, including the Yoruba in the southeast (migrated from Nigeria in the 12th century); the Dendi in the north-central area (who came from Mali in the 16th century); the Bariba and the Fula in the northeast; the Betammaribe and the Somba in the Atakora Mountains; the Fon in the area around Abomey in the South Central and the Mina, Xueda, and Aja (who came from Togo) on the coast.[59]
Migrations have brought other African nationals to Benin that include Nigerians, Togolese, and Malians.[60] The foreign community includes Lebanese and Indians involved in trade and commerce.[60] The personnel of European embassies and foreign aid missions and of nongovernmental organisations and missionary groups account for a part of the 5,500 European population.[59] A part of the European population consists of Beninese citizens of French ancestry.[citation needed]
| Historical population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1950 | 2000 | 2021 |
| Population[12][13] | 2,200,000 | 6,800,000 | 13,000,000 |
| ±% | — | +209.1% | +91.2% |
| Rank | Name | Department | Pop. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Cotonou  Porto-Novo |
1 | Cotonou | Littoral | 679,012 | |||||
| 2 | Porto-Novo | Ouémé | 264,320 | ||||||
| 3 | Parakou | Borgou | 255,478 | ||||||
| 4 | Godomey | Atlantique | 253,262 | ||||||
| 5 | Abomey-Calavi | Atlantique | 117,824 | ||||||
| 6 | Djougou | Donga | 94,773 | ||||||
| 7 | Bohicon | Zou | 93,744 | ||||||
| 8 | Ekpè | Ouémé | 75,313 | ||||||
| 9 | Abomey | Zou | 67,885 | ||||||
| 10 | Nikki | Borgou | 66,109 | ||||||
Religion[edit source]
Religion in Benin (CIA World Factbook estimate 2013)[62]
In the 2013 census, 48.5% of the population of Benin were Christian (25.5% Roman Catholic, 6.7% Celestial Church of Christ, 3.4% Methodist, 12.9% other Christian denominations), 27.7% were Muslim, 11.6% practiced Vodun, 2.6% practiced other local traditional religions, 2.6% practiced other religions, and 5.8% claimed no religious affiliation.[1][63] A government survey conducted by the Demographic and Health Surveys Program in 2011-2012 indicated that followers of Christianity were 57.5% of the population (with Catholics making up 33.9%, Methodists 3.0%, Celestials 6.2% and other Christians 14.5%), while Muslims were 22.8%.[64]
Traditional religions include local animistic religions in the Atakora (Atakora and Donga provinces), and Vodun and Orisha veneration among the Yoruba and Tado peoples in the center and south of the nation. The town of Ouidah on the central coast is the spiritual center of Beninese Vodun.
The 2 largest religions are Christianity, followed throughout the south and center of Benin and in Otammari country in the Atakora, and Islam, introduced by the Songhai Empire and Hausa merchants, and followed throughout Alibori, Borgou and Donga provinces, and among the Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Some continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a Muslim sect originating in the 19th century, has a presence in the country.
Education[edit source]
The literacy rate: in 2015 it was estimated to be 38.4% (49.9% for males and 27.3% for females).[58] Benin has achieved universal primary education and half of the children (54%) were enrolled in secondary education in 2013, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
While at a time the education system was not free,[65] Benin has abolished school fees and is carrying out the recommendations of its 2007 Educational Forum.[66] The government has devoted more than 4% of GDP to education since 2009. In 2015, public expenditure on education (all levels) amounted to 4.4% of GDP, according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Within this expenditure, Benin devoted a share to tertiary education: 0.97% of GDP.[67]
Between 2009 and 2011, the share of people enrolled at university rose from 10% to 12% of the 18–25 year age cohort. Student enrollment in tertiary education more than doubled between 2006 and 2011 from 50,225 to 110,181. These statistics encompass not only bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. programmes but also students enrolled in non-degree post-secondary diplomas.[67]
Health[edit source]
The HIV/AIDS rate in Benin was estimated in 2013 at 1.13% of adults aged 15–49 years.[68] Malaria is a problem in Benin, being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years.[69]
During the 1980s, less than 30% of the country's population had access to primary health care services. Benin's infant mortality rate stood at 203 deaths for every 1000 live births. 1 in 3 mothers had access to child health care services. The Bamako Initiative changed that by introducing community-based healthcare reform, resulting in "more efficient and equitable" provision of services.[70] As of 2015[update], Benin had the 26th highest rate of maternal mortality in the world.[71] According to a 2013 UNICEF report, 13% of women had undergone female genital mutilation.[72] An approach strategy was extended to all areas of healthcare, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.[73] Demographic and Health Surveys has surveyed the issue in Benin since 1996.[74][better source needed]
Geography[edit source]
The north–south strip of land in West Africa lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. It is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the south is about 650 km (404 mi). Although the coastline measures 121 km (75 mi), the country measures about 325 km (202 mi) at its widest point. 4 terrestrial ecoregions lie within Benin's borders: Eastern Guinean forests, Nigerian lowland forests, Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, and West Sudanian savanna.[75] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.86/10, ranking it 93rd globally out of 172 countries.[76]